Burroughs Adding Machine Company hidden marking (Portable Class 9)

Clearly marked; Burroughs Adding Machine Company.

That was an unexpected spot to find the company name. This is on the bottom-inside of the damper or dashpot of a Burroughs Class 9 adding machine. The dashpot needed re-filling, the yellow color in the image above is the remaining original oil. To get at this marking (and re-fill with oil), the top of the dashpot could be screwed off.

Like most lever-operated adding machines, it has a dashpot -and like many ~100 year old machines this dashpot needed re-filling. Oil will have evaporated through a small gap round the plunger-shaft - or if the machine was stored on its side, it could have leaked out (and made a mess). 

To re-fill the dashpot, it needed to be taken out first. This dashpot is mounted at the rear-right side of the main module of the Burroughs adding machine. To get good access to this dashpot for removing it, the main module was taken out / made free from the connected modules. Undoing the retaining nut for the plunger and removing the frame's base-bracket allowed the dashpot to come out.

Next to the dashpot, at the rear-left side of the main module (at the right in picture above), are by the way the rocking tooth-segments that drive the totals-register. Even though this a relatively modern 1920's machine with a modular design, these segments are still quite similar to how the original 1890's Burroughs machine worked.

To get the main-module free, the core-mechanism was taken apart in its three modules. There is the main-module (with dashpot, segments and the differential-levers for the keyboard to interact with), the totaliser-module (with the register and carry-mechanism) and finally the hammers-module with top-plate that helps holding the lower two together. These three modules are the core of the machine. With screws the rear base mounting-bracket links the main- and totaliser-module. Another two screws plus two hexagonal-bolts fixes the hammer-module to the top of both.

This core-mechanism was taken out of the housing. It is mounted onto the housing base (or pan) with four screws. As it was out and one foot was missing - this machine's pan was fitted with four new reproduction feet. New 3D printed feet in TPU to the dimensions taken from remaining original feet.

The keyboard is another module that needed to be taken off the top of the main-module. It is fixed by two screws at the rear and hooks over pegs at the front. To take it off; remove these screws, then lift it up at the rear and slide it a bit to the rear and lift free. Well, that is the simple version - in reality there will be lots of wiggling and extra preparations (note that little spring on the right!). Putting it back also needs care - not a simple insert and screw-tight. For example; the front-left key-release-rod must be engaged with the rotating fork coming out of the main-module and care must be taken that all levers at the right-side of the machine are on the correct side of the levers of the keyboard.

I.e. yes the whole machine is fully modular, but there are complications. E.g. the core-mechanism has a few 'extras'; there is e.g. a long lever (pitman) that must be unscrewed and wiggled free (has ju-ust enough clearance) before the totaliser and main modules can be carefully pried apart.

Removing and replacing the housing top shell is however a simple matter - it is held in place mainly with the carriage-module that in this case is held with four screws onto the top-plate of the mechanism. Two more small screws in lower-front to hold it form there too. That then is a complete Burroughs Portable adding-listing machine that needed its dashpot re-filled.

This Burroughs Portable adding machine, Style 9 08 02 was a generous gift and will be cleaned and repaired over the coming months/weeks. It had been stored in family-attics for probably more than 50 years, occasionally taken out to be experienced and played with (children!). This machine had been given to the family, when a neighbouring small accountants-office modernised. That office may well have purchased the machine already second-hand - the serial number dates it to 1928.

These Burroughs Portable machines were introduced 1925/1926 and with several (cosmetic) changes were produced into the 1960s in large numbers. These Burroughs machine are thus pretty common and should be readily available on the usual marketplaces - this was and is a a common machine. That's because Burroughs had a strong sales organisation and marketing to banks and businesses in general - but I think also because it actually is a good design. Am really looking forward to exploring it further and repairing it.  (Wrt "Portable"; it is! Compared to the previous generations of Burroughs machines these machines are definitely portable - i.e. it is possible for one person to lift and carry it.)

Re-filling the dashpot was just one of the fixes. Admittedly this was a bit daunting, having to take it apart that far. But it had the bonus of seeing the hidden Burroughs Adding Machine Company marking. A little 'Easter egg' in these machines that's probably not often seen/found.

Easier fix was e.g. finding replacements for several missing screws (American-size and/or obsolete threads!). 

There are still many more repairs to be done - e.g. figuring out why column 7 and 8 don't work - these simply refuse to print for totals. And the carriage line-feed is 'temperamental' :)

Another repair -already successful- was getting the subtraction to work again - it would either add or simply block the machine. Following the explanation with great drawings by Mr Allen Asa Horton in US patent 1,853,050 it was possible to trace the fault to a single bent lever and then fix it. How that lever got bent is however still to be discovered. Documents helpfully shared by Mike of Burroughs Info (Thank you again!) made clear that the handle should dis-engage in fault-conditions. The machine currently does not - some safety mechanisms not working may have caused this damage to the mechanism. More puzzle! :-)

Nevertheless; the machine is now again capable of calculating its own age:

Not bad for almost a century old!

Experiment with rubber typewheel for the Blickensderfer

The platen of the Blickensderfer 7 typewriter is rock-hard - like slate. When it was new and still rubbery, it would have cushioned the impact of the hard, vulcanite typewheel and have evened-out the pressure to improve the quality of the imprint.

Instead of getting new rubber on the platen (tricky for a Blick), tried a quick experiment of putting the resilience on the typewheel; use a stiff rubber typewheel with a rock-hard platen.

To manufacture a 'rubber' typewheel, this was printed in TPU - a synthetic rubber that can be used for FDM 3D printing. The limitation is that TPU cannot really be used on a fine 0.2 mm diameter extruder-nozzle, so the model modified for a coarser 0.4 mm. A relatively stiff TPU (Shore 98?) was used. That's very stiff and not 'grippy'.

As can be seen in below image; the TPU wheel is less finely detailed than the PLA wheel.

Despite the coarseness, it does type legibly!:

The quality of work is actually better than expected from a 0.4 mm coarse typewheel. This hints that there is some effect of the TPU being ever so slightly 'springy'. However, the finer detail of the 0.2 mm hard PLA typewheel still makes for better work.

Handling both the PLA and TPU wheels, there is actually not such a great difference in the resilience - this stiff TPU is good for printing, but is not very 'rubbery'. A TPU with Shore 95 or even 85 could be better for cushioning the impact on the platen.

Conclusion from the quick experiment; making the typewheel from Shore 98 TPU is not an improvement over 'hard' PLA with fine detail.

Perhaps still a try with a Shore 85 or 95 material, but for now sticking with using backing-sheets : )

Cut-out drawing of the Underwood 4-bank portable typewriter (why?)

Inside the lid of the carrying case of the typewriter, there is a nicely cut-out image of the typewriter itself.

This label is present in more (all?) of the early Underwood 4-bank portable cases, so almost certainly this was pasted inside the lid by Underwood themselves.

It's a nice touch. Having looked at it a bit more, did start to wonder what the reason was behind this little pasted label. As owner, you'd know this was the lid for your Underwood 4-bank. In the 1920s it would I think anyhow be most unusual for anyone to own more than one portable typewriter. And a shop or dealer would for sure know to match a lid with the correct typewriter.

There is no additional text or advertising copy - and that would in any case be a bit late; when looking at the inside of the lid, the viewer most likely already is the owner of the machine. For adding advertising copy to the machine, a more likely chosen solution would have been to visibly stow e.g. the instruction leaflet (as e.g. on some Royal portable).

Perhaps it was simply an expression of the pride they took in their new 4-bank Standard Portable. (Do late 3-bank Portables have a 3-bank picture inside the lid?)

The decision for the extra cost of making and pasting this label was probably documented and written about in Underwood company internal memo's and work instructions. These will however all be long gone.

So whilst it's a nice touch, it does leave me wondering on the thinking behind it.

Difficult to date, timeless construction (from 1884)

Once very common and still found on flea-markets and in thrift stores, the pocket spring balance. In this instance, a Hughes Pocket Balance with the scale marked in kilos.

Above the legend stating it is a Hughes Pocket Balance, there is the knot and arrow logo of Salter. Near the bottom of the faceplate, it states 'patent'. And indeed this is a patented construction for a low-cost mass-manufactured pocket spring balance. 

The patent was applied in Britain (granted as British patent 800 of 1884) and in several other countries. Inventors are John Hughes and Thomas Bache Salter, assigning to George Salter & Co. of West Bromwich - makers of spring scales since the 1790s. The drawings of e.g. the Canadian patent 20,397 show exactly the clever construction of the item above.

The single metal sheet at the back forms the frame, with the several shaped pieces slotting into and onto the spring and frame like a sliding-puzzle. Only a few rivets needed to create a working unit, no brazing or soldering. 

The top of the frame sheet is shaped with 'flaps' as shown also in the above figures from the US patent 390,522 applied for in 1884 and issued in 1888. These flaps are folded over to form the top wall of the frame, slotting into the top-eyelet that is attached to the spring. Even though this specimen was heavily corroded, the flaps are visible.

The construction of these pocket balances has not changed much since 1884 - they are still being made new today with the same design and construction.

This makes these items also quite difficult to date, it is hard to estimate when a specimen was manufactured. 

The marking of Salter's pocket balances seems to have changed from Hughes to Salter over time, for example in the picture in a 1921 advertisement the faceplate is marked Salter. Of course not certain if all products changed from Hughes over to Salter, or if it perhaps varied per type or batch even.

The knot and arrow trademark was registered in 1884, so that also does not narrow it down in any way. Specimens with hollow 'pop'-rivets instead of solid rivets would however be more modern, e.g. 1950s or later. A post-war item would also be expected to have a 'made in England' marking.

All this merely narrows the date-range down to anywhere between 1884 and perhaps 1920-ish. The style of engraving on the brass faceplate is fits that range - for example the below Salter-marked specimen with a more modern-looking engraving is likely to be from the 1920s or 30s.

Impossible to date exactly, this slightly battered Hughes Pocket Balance probably dates from around 1900, with about 15 years uncertainty either way.

A proven and timeless design :-)

Silver-Reed 100 sitting on a chair

(Typed with a reproduction wheel 223 "Print Type" on a Blickensderfer - a bit blotchy from a freshly over-inked pad.) 

Ink rolls for the Blickensderfer dry out, they also did so a century ago

Old, original rolls for the Blickensderfer typewriter will still contain plenty of colorant, but be completely dry - and the typewriter will not print. Online sources mention these can be revived with WD40 - though the mix of many different (mineral?) oils would give me pause to do so. Some of the heavier fractions of WD40 tend to set into a hard 'tar-like' consistency. The lighter fractions will however be effective in making a roll functional (until they evaporate), if of course the roll is still cylindrical and not worn down in the middle.

(Looking at old typewriter ribbon ink ingredient lists, reviving an old roll might be best attempted with castor-oil, neatsfoot oil or poppyseed oil. One or a mix of these was likely used as the original carrier for the pigment on these ink rolls.)

An alternative is of course to make new ink rolls from cylindrical felt and modern stamping pad ink. However, modern water-based stamp inks dry out rather quickly too. When typing on a Blick, a new roll needs to be fitted regularly. Or of course replenished with another drop or two of ink to soak into the roll.

Maintaining proper inking of a roll on the Blick is not a new challenge. It seems that maintaining a proper inked and clearly printing ink roll was also a concern a century ago when the Blick was 'current'. For faint printing; "a dried pad can be revived by allowing a few drops of Blickenderfer Pad Reviver to soak into it":

In the very extensive user manual for the Blickensderfer 7 and 8 typewriters published by the London Blick company, the price-list mentions a bottle of reviving liquid! For sixpence per bottle:

Very curious if any of these bottles survived - and if the contents could then be determined! (Equally curious what's included in the Re-inking outfit at 2/6.)

This manual also contains a very insightful section on 'Faults' of the machine - the manivaried ways that the Blickensderfer may be giving less than satisfactory results. Reading these it reveals that many of the issues encountered today were also experienced in 1913. (And probably right from 1897 - the text samples suggest that this booklet was originally written in 1897, this being the expanded 8th edition of 1913.)

With care and attention, my No. 7 gives reasonable output. Now having read these instruction, it may actually be that the machine is already performing close to 'when-new' levels :-)

Instructions For Using The Blick Typewriters No. 7 & 8 Models - available on The Archive.

Brief glimpse at the Blickensderfer lettering in gold

The case of my Blickensderfer 7 is structurally good, but was given a dousing in creosote (?) some time in its life. This had turned the outside to a sort of 'burned black'. The fittings were also 'black' and the Blickensderfer decal could only be made out faintly in relief when glancing over the surface.

The typewriter itself is in superb condition, so decided to re-finish the case to make it match the condition of the typewriter. Starting to sand away the old layer of 'lacquer', the gold Blickensderfer made a brief appearance again before also being sanded away:

This remained covered in the 'creosote' for probably more than 50 years. (The Blickensderfer Serial Number Master List enables finding out that his machine's been in typewriter-collections since probably the late 1980s. Somehow it made its way from the US to Europe, to now be typing in the Low Countries.)

The 'burned' bit on the front-left and the flaking top areas give a good idea of why to re-finish the case - the light/bare spots were already touched by sandpaper.

All fittings were removed from the case, the rivets ground off. Surprisingly, the rivets themselves are brass and the washers holding them inside the case are copper - that's not what I'd expect where the softest of the materials would be. The riveting was done with some serious force, back around 1907 - the rivets are crumpled and bent inside the wood. 

Fittings to be cleaned and made to look good first, then figure out how to re-attach securely. And of course to get a good reproduction decal and a nice ochre color wool-felt for the bottom of the base.

Still all the de-laminating of the case and base to be fixed - one glue-step at a time and given hours to set. (Not even near to Will's levels of restoration skill, but being inspired by his work :-)

The wood itself is fine, so it has potential to all come out fine. Something to work towards :-)

First time the covers are off in a while, it shows

When it looks like this on the inside, it's been a while since anyone removed the covers.

This loose, woolly dirty dust must have taken some time to build up. It will need to wait in the shed, until a nice sunny day to give it a first cleaning in the open air. 

It'll overall need a bit of a re-build; the machine is blocked and several parts are missing. This pinwheel calculator will be an enjoyable challenge later this year - but for now kept in quarantine.

 

There probably are too many missing and broken parts for this to be viable, at least for a while - that broken lever in the image below looks 'fatal'. It will require some new castings or hard-soldering not yet practicable.

 

For now in storage it goes - a pity, because these California-made machines are fairly thin on the ground here (and it's an early one, the 49th made as serial number 70049, carriage assembly number A1007).

Astonishingly, the pinwheel assembly itself still works just fine!

Fail :/

(for now)

Designing new type wheels for the Blickenserfer typewriter

It is possible today to create new type wheel designs for the Blickensderfer typewriter! With readily available software tools and common, low-cost 3D printing technology, functional type wheels (typewheels, typing elements) can be created.

To get started with creating own type wheels with a layout and typeface of choice, install the OpenSCAD modelling software. For better design-control and a much faster rendering, get the 'nightly build' version. Enable the text-metrics function in preferences and keep the fast 'manifold' rendering engine as default. (Much faster than the latest stable-release!)

Then get the set of design-files for new Blickensderfer type wheels. (Updated files 14/3) The zip file contains the main design script, a wheel layouts-file and several example type wheel configuration files. When all files are in the same folder (directory), it should all work with OpenSCAD. 

The 3D model encoded in these files now only supports the later "Fitting C" type of wheel, i.e. a flat bar below the central shaft on the machine to rotate the wheel.

The complexity of the 3D model is kept in the file "Typewheel-design-12.scad" that is used by the configuration files. This file should never have to be edited (or even opened). Note that the OpenSCAD language is a functional language, like Haskell. There are e.g. parameters, but not really variables - overall it's a bit different from 'regular' procedural or imperative languages. Because the type wheel design is completely defined by the parameters in a configuration file, this can fortunately all be ignored.

Opening one of the example configuration files in the OpenSCAD application, a preview of the type wheel is shown next to the opened text-file. 

OpenSCAD has a preview and a render for a 3D model. The preview (F5) is fast, but not geometrically 'sound' for generating a 3D printable STL file. It is meant for a preview when editing and configuring a design script. To generate a correct, 3D printable geometry, the model is rendered (F6). This rendering does all the correct calculations and will be much slower. The model is programmed so that characters show readable in preview, but correctly mirrored and shaped in render. The preview of a typewheel generally takes ~0.2 second, but a render may take a few minutes (depending on complexity of the typeface and how many corrections added).

Naturally, the font used in the design must be available on the system. For the re-creation of an Italic wheel catalogue number 440, the italic variant of the TT2020 font was chosen. This is a widely available free font that can be downloaded and installed. Even for this straightforward type wheel, the caret (circumflex) is taken from another font - e.g. from Courier, Courier New or Courier 10 Pitch - also needs to be installed. For the catalogue-number, ideally Arial Rounded is available on the system. 

When all fonts are present and the preview is correct, then the render-function (F6) will generate a proper 3D model. This can be exported to an STL file to be printed and finished as described in an earlier post. Fitted with a newly-printed type wheel 440 R (Repro) from this configuration file, the Blickensderfer types in Italic.

The 3D model in the script is designed and optimised for FDM printing. Printed with a fine nozzle of 0.2 mm and a small layer-height of less than 0.1 mm, the result will be good enough to take the ink and make a credible imprint on paper.

The configuration files are relatively small, but still contain many options and parameters for tweaking the type wheel.

The showBoundary option toggles visual guides around every column of characters that indicate the space they have when typed on the Blickensderfer (with 10 characters per Inch). This is useful when configuring, shows when characters would overlap as typed.

The showNozzleComp option toggles the extra distortion of characters to compensate for the accuracy-limitation of an FDM printer.

This distortion adds extra width to character verticals to adjust for the diameter of the deposited filament. The ~0.22 diameter of the extruded 'string' limits the sharpness of outer radii, so there is a horizontal adjustment to the characters to compensate for this radius 'drop away'. It can be useful to show this distortion in preview, to see if e.g. details of characters are 'swamped' by this when rendered.

The layout can be chosen from one of the presets defined in the layouts file.

This file is very limited so far, but of course freely extendable to match the keyboard of any Blickensderfer. The arrangement in the file is identical to that shown in the catalogue; traversing the keyboard from top-left-half to mid-left via bottom-row to mid-right to top-right. Alternatively, the layout can be chosen from the custom set defined in the configuration file itself. This can be useful to make wheel-specific changes like e.g. using the letter 'O' instead of the numeral '0' for a particular font or to e.g. include symbols like € or ㋡ on a wheel.

Different styles of type wheel are supported, chosen with the wheelStyle parameter.

There are many parameters to modify the font. There is horizontal scaling, overall fattening (or thinning) and horizontal fattening only (to adjust for scaling). For selected characters, an extra scaling can be applied. Similarly, an alternative font can be selected for a sub-set of characters.

One of the peculiarities of the Blickensderfer is the caret character. This is rare in font-files, so the circumflex accent substitutes for this. Being a diacritic, this needs moving down onto the baseline; hence the caretDrop parameter.

In general, a clean fixed-width font will not need too many tweaks to work well. To however use a proportional font on the monospaced typewriter, many tweaks may be needed to get all characters to fit and not look too out-of-place. The preview shows the result of modifications, but needs to be manually refreshed after making edits to the file. Even a monospaced font may need extensive tweaks to get it just right, see for example the wheel 407 created with Courier New.

Making a typeface perfect for a typewheel really should be done by editing glyphs in the font-file - for example to create a "Pf." as a single character for a German typewheel. Nevertheless, the various tweaks possible in the configuration should allow for already a lot of corrections.

Most of the parameters have an explanatory comment, or at least a comment that was meant to be helpful in understanding what it does :)

The use of a fine nozzle of 0.2 mm enables printing with reasonably fine detail. It is good enough to re-create type wheels that perform very similar to original type wheels. A 0.2 mm nozzle is however small, and most FDM printers use a 0.4 mm nozzle as standard. Though less precise in printing, with a 0.4 mm nozzle it is still possible to create functional type wheels. The elements shown below were printed with a 0.4 mm nozzle.

Whilst less suitable for typefaces with fine detail, the resulting wheels are entirely functional.

The type wheel 3D-model was created especially for 3D printing on FDM-technology printers, the most common and hassle-free low-cost type of 3D printer. In principle, setting the nozzleDiam parameter to zero will create a 'clean' file that would also be suitable for printing on e.g. a resin (DLP) printer. The overhang-angles that work for FDM will certainly be good enough for DLP printing. However, because a resin-printed part is more brittle and fragile the current model may be too delicate in resin to survive actual typing. Additional changes to wall thicknesses may be essential to be able to 3D print a usable wheel in resin. These can all be tweaked in the design-file of course, the whole model is set-up parametric so it should not be too difficult to adapt.

 

An important caveat is that the critical parameters of baseline and platen-centre are best-guess estimates only! And these guesses are based on only a single typewriter! The values are 'weird', but seem to produce identical result to that from an original wheel. Please do not hesitate to share/comment/add extra experience or inputs for these key parameters.

Net result is that at least this Blickensderfer 7 now has a variety of typefaces to type with. In keeping with the originals from The Blickensderfer Mfg. Co. these new wheels are stored in wooden containers (small round boxes, widely sold as wedding-ring or jewelry boxes) with a re-created lookalike label.

With these files as starting point, it should hopefully be feasible to create more new type wheel designs for the Blickensderfer! 

More typing Blick's :-)

Messing-about making new Blickensderfer ink rolls

The original ink rolls of my Blickensderfer were hard and dried out. Whilst it is written on The Internet that these can be revived, decided instead to have a go at making new ink rolls. It is also written on The Internet that gun-cleaning felts of 7 mm diameter are a good substitute.

The local gun shop only had 6.5 mm in stock - so used those instead of 7 mm. (The original hardened rolls I have, are now between 7 and 8 mm 'diameter' and not quite round anymore. Given the close spacing to the platen and needing to clear the Paper Guide, I'd have expected 1/4" as likely diameter. But maybe the originals were 5/16" or some such fractional dimension. Until an original factory drawing or purchasing specification turns up, it'll probably remain a bit of a guess.)

Gun-barrel cleaning felts are too wide to fit the bracket on the machine, space between the bracket fork is around 9 mm. The hole in the pads is a bit 'vague' too, so started by soaking some of the felts in hot water. Left in the water for ~3 minutes for the wool to be properly wet.

The fully hydrated felt taken out and cut to length (or width) with a sharp knife. Wool (=hair =keratin) should be much easier to cut when fully hydrated. In retrospect, might also try simply cutting with large scissors.

After cutting to ~8mm width, the cylinders were pushed over a 2 mm knitting needle and left to dry. This makes a nice, clean 2 mm central hole in the felt cylinders.

Original ink rolls are a dense felt on a central brass tube. These new felt rolls already work fine on the machine without a central brass tube. The main thing is that the felt should not be too wide. If it doesn't touch the sides of the machine's bracket, it will rotate fine. As extra, a bit of glue (water-resistant type) can be spread round the inside of the hole and let fully set - this will prevent the hole from 'collapsing' and getting stuck on the pin.

However, in the interest of historical authenticity decided to add a brass centre. Acquired some brass tube of 2 mm diameter and 0.25 wall thickness - i.e. has ~1.5 mm internal diameter to fit nicely round the ~1.4 mm pin of the Ink Frame (i.e. the fork bracket that holds the ink roll).

To cut lengths of brass tube, a jig was made by gluing coffee-stirrer sticks to a scrap bit of wood. A channel to hold the tube and a stop-strip to easily set the length to saw off. 

This makes it relatively easy to quickly saw off multiple short tubes all with a length of just-under 9 mm. After sawing, of course file the ends clean and remove any burr.

Then inserted the tubes into the dried felt cylinders. Experimented with different glues; regular hobby-glue, PVA glue and even cyanoacrylate. Tweezers for the felt and the tube pushed over a toothpick to keep fingers well away. None of the options were ideal.

The felt cylinders themselves are perhaps not very 'robust' and are difficult to really fix on the tube. Another thing is that the felt pads swell when wetted - also when later wetted with ink. They increase in size and lose their shape a bit too. After some experimenting, it turned out to be helpful to apply some glue (PVA or cyanoacrylate) to the hole-inside and also over the side-walls of a felt-pad. After this has hardened, these 'infused areas' help keep the cylinder in shape. The only surface that needs to remain 'clean' is of course the outer cylinder-surface for inking the type wheel. (The better solution would of course be to get very dense felt.)

Tried inking and typing with both modern water-based stamp inks and an oil-based metal-stamp ink. The results were very clear; even apart from any concerns about ink attacking original vulcanite type wheels, the metal-stamp ink is unsuitable. It tends to 'splatter' during typing (even though it is very viscous). 

The water-based inks worked reasonably well, but probably have less colorant per volume than the original rolls ink. Re-inking an ink-roll a few times after it has 'dried-out' fixes that, effectively building up a denser ink.

To apply the ink, several drops were placed in a dish and the blank roll placed in the ink. To get the best saturation of the roll, it can be left an hour or two to let the ink slowly be pulled deep in the felt. Of course, rolling it over the ink will quickly apply ink to the outer layer of the roll.

From Blickensderfer literature of the period, it seems that the user would put a fresh ink roll on the machine fairly frequently. Ink rolls were sold in glass vials, 6 of them for 40 cents. As glass is a nice way to store inked rolls against drying out, some new 12 x 75 mm glass tubes with cork stoppers were found online to replicate these '6-packs'. (Re-inking a roll on the machine I cannot imagine as being a practical idea - mucking about with ink drops right over the typewriter itself.)

The ink rolls made with this method from the gun cleaning pads look decent; a good approximation of the original. They are however much less dense than the original, in fact they are fairly 'fluffy' and do not keep their shape well. The plus-side is that they're cheap and plentiful - easily made from relatively low-cost materials.

There are still functional improvements to be made; the descenders are not always inked properly. This may be due to the diameter (shouldn't matter, should it?), the fluffy surface or simply a mis-adjustment of the ink-roll arm on this particular typewriter. Or of course, might be that the type wheels need improving still. More to be found out.

The perfect way to make new ink-rolls is yet to be found. Nevertheless, these are quite usable already!